中晚熟甜樱桃新品种福阳的选育

时间:2024-09-30 08:45:02 来源:网友投稿

李芳东 王玉霞 田长平 张序 李延菊 张福兴 孙庆田

摘    要:福阳是由黑珍珠×(萨米脱+先锋)杂交选育出的中晚熟甜樱桃新品种。果实心脏形,果皮紫黑色、有光泽,果顶稍凹陷,果肉、果汁深红色;
果肉脆硬,味甜。平均单果质量9.7 g,最大单果质量14.1 g;
果柄中短,柄长3.45 cm;
核小,果实可食率94.6%。果肉可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)18.7%,总糖含量11.62%,总酸含量0.61%;
鲜食品质上。果实在鲜红至紫红色时,口感即好,挂果时间长。果实生育期55 d左右,烟台地区6月上中旬成熟;
树势健壮,萌芽率高(98.2%),成枝力强,成花易。福阳耐贮运,早实、丰产、稳产,4年生树每666.7 m2产量268 kg,综合性状优良。适宜在山东省甜樱桃适栽区推广种植。

关键词:甜樱桃;
新品种;
福阳;
中晚熟

中图分类号:S662.5 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1009-9980(2024)06-1252-04

Breeding report of a new mid-late-maturing sweet cherry cultivar Fuyang

LI Fangdong, WANG Yuxia, TIAN Changping, ZHANG Xu*, LI Yanju*, ZHANG Fuxing, SUN Qingtian

(Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yantai 265500, Shandong, China)

Abstract:
Fuyang (Prunus avium L.) is a new mid-late-maturing sweet cherry. The seeding was derived from a cross between Hei Zhenzhu and Summit + Van in 2003 at Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The obtained seeds were sowed in the spring of 2004, and the hybrid seedlings were planted in the Zhifu District of Yantai in the spring of 2005, and started to bear fruit in 2008. The strain numbered 03-5-8 with large fruit, purple-black skin, and strong productivity was finally selected as the superior line. In the summer of 2010, we propagated nursery trees of it with Daqingye (P. pseudocerasus L.) as rootstock for field trials. In February 2017, it passed the validation of Shandong Province Forest Tree Variety Validation Committee. The tree posture of Fuyang was moderate and open. The height of 6-year-old tree was 3.4 m. The crown diameter was 4.1 m×4.2 m. The perennial branches were grayish white, and the 1-year-old branches are grayish brown. The leaves were long spindle-shaped and light green. The middle leaf of the developed branch was 15.41 cm in length and 7.37 cm in width. The length of petiole was 3.25. The leaf margin was compound, shallow and blunt. The nectary was kidney-shaped, dark red, oblique or opposite. Fuyang had strong tree vigor, being more vigorous than Van. The trees in the full fruit period mainly had short fruit branches and bouquet fruit branches, accompanied by axillary flower buds. It would start to bear fruit in the 3rd year after planting, and the natural fruiting rate was as high as 56.1%. Using the spindle shaped branching, the yield of the 4-year old tree was 268 kg·666.7 m-2, the yield of the 5-year old tree was 436.2 kg·666.7 m-2, and the yield of 6-year-old trees was 763 kg·666.7 m-2. The fruit was heart-shaped, with purple black and shiny peel, dark red pulp and juice. The average single fruit weight was 9.7 g, and the pedicel was medium-short, with a length of 3.45 cm. The soluble solids content was 18.7%, the total sugar content was 11.62%, the total acid content was 0.61%, the edible rate of fruit was 94.6%. The fruit development period was about 55 d and it matured at the early June in Yantai. The bud burst rate was 98.2%, branching ability was high. The full-flowering was around April 18. No special disease was found in Fuyang. It had good storage life. It would be suitable for planting in suitable planting areas for sweet cherry such as Shandong Province. The density should be (2.0-2.5) m×4 m, the proper pollinizers should be Sparkle, Summit, Van et. al. The slender spindle tree form should be recommended.

Key words:
Sweet cherry; New cultivar; Fuyang; Mid-late-maturing

甜樱桃(Prunus avium L.)为蔷薇科樱桃亚属,起源于小亚细亚半岛的黑海沿岸[1]。截至2020年,中国甜樱桃种植面积约为23.33万hm2,产量140万t,是世界上栽培面积最大的国家[2]。目前生产中栽培的品种大多数来源于国外[3],如美早、俄罗斯8号、萨米脱等,中国自主选育的品种生产中占比较小。露地生产中早熟品种占比较大,中晚熟品种占比较小。以甜樱桃主产区山东烟台为例,早中熟品种占70%左右,晚熟品种占30%左右[4]。为丰富中晚熟品种资源,充分发挥晚熟甜樱桃的区域优势,山东省烟台市农业科学研究院2003年以黑珍珠为母本,采用萨米脱、先锋的混合花粉进行杂交,选育出优质、早实、丰产,综合性状优良的中晚熟新品种福阳。

1 选育过程

2003年山东省烟台市农业科学研究院以黑珍珠为母本,采用萨米脱、先锋的混合花粉进行杂交。2004年春将获得的杂交种子进行播种,2005年春将杂交实生苗定植于山东省烟台市农科院芝罘区甜樱桃杂交育种圃,2008年开始结果。其中编号03-5-8表现出大果型、果皮紫黑色、丰产性强,初选为优系。2010年6月,以大青叶为砧木,将03-5-8进行嫁接繁殖,在山东省进行区域试栽,株行距3 m×4 m。2013年开始结果,2014—2016年进入结果盛期,经过连续观察试验,各性状稳定、表现优异。2017年2月通过山东省林木品种审定委员会审定,并命名为福阳(图1),审定证书编号:鲁S-SV-PA-019-2016。

2 主要性状

2.1 果实经济性状

果实心脏形,果顶稍凹陷,大果型,平均单果质量9.7 g,最大单果质量14.1 g,果实横径2.76 cm、纵径2.41 cm、侧径2.28 cm;
果柄中短,柄长3.45 cm。果皮紫黑色、有光泽,果肉、果汁深红色。果肉硬脆,味甜,鲜食品质上。果肉可溶性固形物含量(w,下同)18.7%、总糖含量11.62%、总酸含量0.61%。核小,果实可食率94.6%。耐贮运。福阳与亲本果实主要性状见表1。

2.2 植物学特征

福阳的树势中庸,树姿开张,6年生树高3.4 m,东西冠径4.2 m,南北冠径4.1 m。多年生枝灰白色,1年生枝灰褐色,枝条粗壮;
叶片长纺锤形,浅绿色,叶大而厚,发育枝中部叶长15.41 cm、叶宽7.37 cm,叶柄长3.25 cm,叶缘复齿、齿浅、钝,叶片顶端锐尖,并向一边稍弯曲(表2)。叶柄蜜腺肾形,深红色,多数2~3个,少数4个,斜生或对生。花冠白色,花瓣呈倒卵圆形,位置重叠,雌蕊柱头略低于雄蕊(图2)。

2.3 生长结果习性

福阳树势健壮,长势较先锋强旺,树姿半开张,萌芽率98.2%,成枝力强,外围新梢短截可发3~5个长条,成花易,当年生枝条基部易形成腋花芽,甩放后,易形成一串花芽,成花多,具有良好的早产性。盛果期树以短果枝和花束状果枝结果为主,伴有腋花芽结果。定植后第3年开始结果,自然坐果率高达56.1%。采用纺锤形整枝,栽后第3年开始结果,4年生树每666.7 m2产量为268 kg,5年生树每666.7 m2产量为436.2 kg,6年生树每666.7 m2产量为763 kg,丰产、稳产。

2.4 物候期

在山东烟台地区,正常年份,福阳花期与先锋、萨米脱、黑珍珠、斯帕克里相近,4月18日左右盛花,花期5~7 d。果实6月上中旬成熟,与先锋成熟期相近,果实发育期55 d左右。果实在鲜红至紫红色时,口感即好,挂果时间长。

2.5 抗逆性与适应性

2015年4月,花期遭遇-5 ℃低温冻害,山东省烟台市农业科学研究院芝罘区甜樱桃杂交育种圃福阳母株花器官冻害率为38.7%,而福山区选种圃的福阳花器官冻害率为66.8%。推测可能和幼树树体生长较旺盛,贮藏营养不足,花芽不充实有关。研究认为,甜樱桃花期受冻的临界温度为-2 ℃,在-2.2 ℃温度下0.5 h,花的受冻率10%;
温度降至-3.9 ℃,冻害率达90%;
在-4 ℃的温度下0.5 h,几乎100%的花受冻[5]。说明,福阳具有较强的抗花期低温能力。栽培中,未发现福阳特殊病害。适宜在山东省甜樱桃适栽区推广种植。

3 栽培技术要点

春季或秋季栽植,园址应选择光照充足、地势平坦、排水良好的沙壤土地块。选择优质壮苗栽植,株行距(2.0~2.5) m×4 m。起垄栽培,采用细长纺锤形整枝;
栽后立即浇水、覆膜。苗木定植当年,应勤浇水,全年浇水10~12次;
从第2年开始,正常年份浇水5~6次[6]。苗木栽植前底肥选择土杂肥4 kg·株-1。盛果期树采收后施用甜樱桃专用肥5 kg·株-1,采用放射状沟施或者坑施;
8月中下旬施基肥,以有机肥为主,每666.7 m2施1000 kg,配合使用复合肥、中微量元素肥、土壤调理剂;
萌芽前冲施水溶性硝酸铵钙,每666.7 m2施20~40 kg;
花萼脱落后叶面喷施氨基酸钙,每7~8 d喷1次,连续喷3~4次;
膨果期每666.7 m2冲施含微量元素的高钾水溶肥20 kg和黄腐酸钾肥料25 kg。

萌芽前喷施3~5 °Bé石硫合剂。5月底6月初果实采收后开始喷杀菌剂,防治叶斑病,每10 d喷1次,共喷3次。杀菌剂可选择30%苯甲·丙环唑悬浮剂2000倍液+代森锰锌600倍液或5%高氯·甲维盐微乳剂1000倍液。冬季清园。

福阳为异花授粉品种,栽培中需搭配授粉树,适宜授粉品种为斯帕克里、萨米脱、先锋等。生产中注意控制树势,防止长势过旺。福阳与大青叶、考特、马哈利等砧木具有良好的嫁接亲和性,在春季、夏季、秋季采用带木质“一刀削”嫁接方法,嫁接成活率在92%以上。

参考文献References:

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LIU Qingzhong,ZHU Dongzi,WANG Jiawei,HONG Po,GONG Qingdang. Development status and suggestions of sweet cherry industry in Shandong province[J]. Deciduous Fruits,2022,54(2):1-4.

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收稿日期:2024-02-22 接受日期:2024-02-29

基金项目:山东省重点研发计划(乡村振兴科技创新提振行动计划)(2023TZXD059);
国家现代农业产业技术体系专项(CARS-30-ZY-24);
烟台市科技创新发展计划基础研究类项目(2023JCYJ103);
山东省现代农业产业技术体系果品创新团队(SDAIT-06-02);
山东省重点研发计划(竞争性创新平台)项目(2022CXPT017)

作者简介:李芳东,男,高级农艺师,博士,主要从事樱桃育种与栽培研究。E-mail:fangdong0801@163.com

*通信作者 Author for correspondence. E-mail:zhangxu432@163.com;
E-mail:li-yanjv114@163.com

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